Social Prescribing is a way for people to access support for non-medical needs by being referred, either by a GP or another healthcare professional, or through self-referral, to a Social Prescribing Link Worker. Through one-to-one conversations, individuals can explore their needs and co-produce personalised solutions to improve their health and wellbeing, often by connecting with community and voluntary services.Social Prescribing represents an innovative and rapidly expanding model of care with significant potential to improve health outcomes. By tackling the broader social determinants of health, it can contribute to reduced healthcare utilisation, ease workforce pressures, and support the sustainability of healthcare systems in the face of increasing demand and rising costs.Key components of a Social Prescribing service include:A dedicated Social Prescribing Link WorkerA documented referral pathway, either from a healthcare professional or through self-referralAn intake process, regardless of the referral pathwaySeveral guided conversations between the participant and the Social Prescribing Link Worker to assess needs, provide support, and co-produce personalised solutions aimed at improving health and wellbeingThe ability to connect participants with local voluntary, community, and social enterprise organisations and where appropriate, relevant health servicesA system to monitor and evaluate the uptake and impact of Social Prescribing on individuals, communities, and the wider health serviceMany different models of Social Prescribing exist across Ireland however the common essential element across all is the presence of a Social Prescribing Link Worker and the Social Prescrtibing Process.

No. While Social Prescribing and Active Signposting can both help people access services and supports, they are not the same. The key difference is the supported, person centred process that takes place between an individual and a Social Prescribing Link Worker.What is Active Signposting?Active Signposting involves identifying an individual's need and directing them towards an appropriate service, organisation, resource or source of information.For example, this might involve providing details of a local support service, directing someone to a community organisation, recommending an appropriate service or providing information about available resources.Active Signposting can be very effective when an individual knows what support they need and has the confidence, capacity and resources to make contact and engage independently.However, once the information or direction has been provided, the individual will generally take responsibility for making contact and taking the next step themselves.What makes Social Prescribing different?Social Prescribing goes beyond signposting. Social Prescribing involves a Social Prescribing Link Worker working directly and collaboratively with an individual to explore what matters to them and the wider social, emotional and practical factors that may be affecting their health and wellbeing.Rather than simply directing the individual towards a service or activity, the Social Prescribing Link Worker takes time to understand the person's circumstances, strengths, interests and goals.Together, they identify what the individual would like to achieve and explore the community groups, activities, services and other supports that may help them to do so.This may include opportunities relating to:social connection and reducing isolationphysical activity and wellbeingarts, creativity and cultureeducation, learning and personal developmentvolunteering and participation in community lifepractical, financial or social supportsmental health and emotional wellbeinghobbies, interests and recreational activitiesother community based services and opportunities relevant to the individual's goals Supporting people to overcome barriersAn important part of Social Prescribing is recognising that simply knowing a service or activity exists does not necessarily mean someone will be able to access it.An individual may experience barriers such as low confidence, anxiety, social isolation, financial pressures, mobility difficulties, digital exclusion, transport difficulties or uncertainty about attending a new group or activity.The Social Prescribing Link Worker can work with the individual to identify these barriers and support them to take achievable steps towards engagement.The level of support will vary according to the individual. Some people may require relatively brief support, while others may benefit from ongoing contact over a longer period.A person centred process Social Prescribing is based on the principle of “what matters to you?” rather than simply “what is the matter with you?”Goals and next steps are identified collaboratively with the individual rather than prescribed for them. Depending on the Social Prescribing service, this may involve developing a wellbeing or personalised plan that records the individual's goals, agreed actions and the supports or opportunities they wish to explore. The plan and goals can be reviewed and adapted as the individual's circumstances, confidence, interests or priorities change. The aim is to support individuals to build on their own strengths, develop confidence and independence, strengthen social connections and become more actively involved in their health, wellbeing and community.Following progress and outcomesSocial Prescribing services may also monitor progress and outcomes as part of their work with individuals. This can help the individual and Social Prescribing Link Worker recognise progress towards agreed goals and can help services understand the difference Social Prescribing is making.Depending on the service, outcomes may include changes in wellbeing, confidence, social connectedness, participation, self management, quality of life or other areas that are meaningful to the individual.The key distinctionActive Signposting: identifies an appropriate service, resource or opportunity and directs the individual towards it.Social Prescribing: provides a supported, person centred process through which a Social Prescribing Link Worker works with the individual to identify what matters to them, agree goals, address barriers and support meaningful engagement with appropriate community based opportunities and services.It is important to note, signposting can form part of Social Prescribing, but signposting on its own is not Social Prescribing. This distinction is important. The value of Social Prescribing lies not simply in connecting people with services, but in the relationship, time, personalised support and collaborative process provided by the Social Prescribing Link Worker.

Most Social Prescribing projects in Ireland have traditionally focused on adults aged 18 and over. Social Prescribing can support people whose health and wellbeing are affected by social, emotional, practical or community circumstances. This includes, but is not limited to, individuals:living with one or more long term physical health conditionsexperiencing mental health difficulties, stress, anxiety, low mood or reduced emotional wellbeingexperiencing loneliness, social isolation or a lack of meaningful social connectionswho frequently attend their GP or other health services and may benefit from additional non clinical supportexperiencing medically unexplained or persistent physical symptomsgoing through significant life changes, such as bereavement, separation, retirement, unemployment, relocation or changes in family circumstancesliving with a disability, reduced mobility or other circumstances that may limit participation in community lifeproviding unpaid care to a family member, friend or other personexperiencing financial difficulties, unemployment, insecure employment, housing difficulties or other socioeconomic challengesfacing barriers to accessing services, supports or opportunitieslacking confidence, motivation, routine or a sense of purposeseeking opportunities to improve their physical health, develop new skills or interests, volunteer or participate more actively in their communityexperiencing multiple or complex social challenges that affect their health, wellbeing or quality of life However, there is a growing number of Social Prescribing projects specifically designed for children and young people, such as the Tacú Family Resource Centre SPACE Project. Social Prescribing recognises that health and wellbeing are influenced by a wide range of factors beyond medical needs. Through a person centred approach, it supports individuals to identify what matters to them, build on their strengths and interests, and connect with appropriate community groups, services, activities and other sources of support.

Social Prescribing is available in many areas across Ireland, although availability and the way services are delivered can vary from one area to another. Social Prescribing continues to develop and expand, with services delivered through a range of health, community and voluntary settings. You can access Social Prescribing in a number of ways. You may be referred by a GP or another health and social care professional, by a community or voluntary organisation, or, where appropriate, with the support of a family member. Many Social Prescribing services also accept self referrals, meaning you can contact your local service directly without needing a formal referral from a professional.To find out whether Social Prescribing is available in your area, visit our Social Prescribing Service Map: www.allirelandsocialprescribing.ie/service-list-by-countyBoth the map and the list allows you to search for Social Prescribing services by county, view local service information and find contact details for Social Prescribing Link Workers in your area.As services continue to develop, the map provides a useful starting point for finding the Social Prescribing support currently available in your community.Please note: The information provided on the Service Map and Service List is based on information supplied to us by individual Social Prescribing services. We rely on services to let us know when a new service is established or when there are changes to existing service details, including contact information, areas covered or service availability. While we aim to keep the map as accurate and up to date as possible, there may be Social Prescribing services operating that have not yet been brought to our attention, or information may have changed since it was last provided to us.If you are aware of a Social Prescribing service that is not included on the map or list, or if information about a listed service needs to be updated, we encourage you to contact us so that the directory can be kept as accurate and useful as possible. You can registe your service or update service information here: RegisterYourSocialPrescribingService | AllIrelandSocialPrescribingNetwork

The first step is to identify the Social Prescribing service operating in the individual's area.You can use the All Ireland Social Prescribing Service Directory to search by county and find contact details for Social Prescribing services: Find a Social Prescribing service in your area. Once you have identified the appropriate service, the next step is to contact the Social Prescribing service directly to find out about their referral process.Referral processes can vary between Social Prescribing services. Some services may accept referrals by telephone, email or direct contact with the Social Prescribing Link Worker, while others may have a more formal referral process. This may include completing a referral form, intake form, online referral form or other documentation required by the service. The Social Prescribing Link Worker or service can advise you about the referral pathway, the information required and any eligibility or referral criteria that apply locally. Where a professional or organisation is making a referral, the individual should understand what Social Prescribing is and consent to the referral and to being contacted by the Social Prescribing service. If you are unsure whether Social Prescribing is appropriate for an individual, you can contact the local Social Prescribing Link Worker to discuss the potential referral before submitting it.What happens after a referral?Once a referral is received, the Social Prescribing Link Worker will review and assess the referral in accordance with the procedures of their service. This may involve reviewing the referral or intake form, considering the reason for referral and any relevant information provided, and determining whether the individual's needs fall within the scope of the Social Prescribing service.Depending on the service, there may also be an initial intake or assessment process before the individual begins working with the Social Prescribing Link Worker.Where the referral is appropriate, the Social Prescribing Link Worker will contact the individual to explain the service and arrange an initial conversation or appointment. This provides an opportunity to begin exploring what matters to the individual, their circumstances, strengths, interests, needs and goals.Where a referral is not appropriate for Social Prescribing, or where the individual's needs require a different or more specialised form of support, the Social Prescribing Link Worker will follow the service's agreed procedures. Where appropriate, this may include providing information about other services or supports that may be better suited to the individual's needs.The exact referral, intake and assessment process may differ between Social Prescribing services, so individuals and referrers should check with their local service for information about the process that applies in their area.

If you are a GP, nurse, allied health professional, mental health professional, social worker or other health and social care professional considering referring someone to Social Prescribing, the Social Prescribing Information for Health Professionals leaflet provides a useful overview of the service and referral process.The leaflet explains:what Social Prescribing iswho may benefit from Social Prescribingthe role of the Social Prescribing Link Workerhow Social Prescribing supports individuals to identify and access appropriate community based supportshow health professionals can refer individuals to their local Social Prescribing service Download: Social Prescribing Information for Health ProfessionalsHealth professionals can also use the All Ireland Social Prescribing Service Directory to identify Social Prescribing services and contact details in their area.Find a Social Prescribing service by county

The Social Prescribing Link Worker is an essential part of the Social Prescribing process, providing the connection between the individual, referring professionals and the wide range of supports and opportunities available within the community.The role goes beyond simply providing information or directing someone to a service, group or activity. This is an important distinction. Signposting directs a person towards a service or opportunity, while Social Prescribing is a supported, person centred process that helps an individual identify what matters to them and connect meaningfully with appropriate supports and opportunities. The Link Worker is essential to facilitating this process.Social Prescribing Link Workers work collaboratively with individuals, taking time to understand their circumstances, strengths, interests, needs and goals. Through conversation and active listening, they help individuals identify what matters to them and explore the social, emotional and practical factors that may be affecting their health and wellbeing.The Link Worker supports the individual to identify realistic and achievable goals and to explore community groups, activities, voluntary organisations, statutory services and other supports that may help them achieve those goals. Where barriers to participation exist, the SP Link Worker can help the individual identify ways to overcome them and provide encouragement and practical support to enable meaningful engagement.The role can include:providing individuals with time and space to talk about what matters to themidentifying their strengths, interests, needs and personal goalsagreeing realistic and achievable steps towards those goalsconnecting individuals with appropriate community groups, activities, services and supportshelping individuals overcome practical, social or personal barriers to participationproviding encouragement and support to engage with identified opportunitiessupporting individuals to build confidence, independence, social connections and greater participation in community lifemaintaining up to date knowledge of local community resources, services and opportunitiesdeveloping relationships and referral pathways with health professionals, community and voluntary organisations and statutory servicesfollowing up with individuals and adapting support as their circumstances, needs and goals change The level and duration of support will vary according to the needs of each individual. Some people may require only a small amount of support to identify and engage with an appropriate opportunity, while others may need more sustained support to build confidence, address barriers and work towards their goals. The Social Prescribing process is therefore flexible and responsive rather than based on a single timeframe or pathway.Throughout this process, the SP Link Worker provides continuity and encouragement while supporting the individual to build their own capacity, confidence and independence. The aim is not to create dependency on the SP Link Worker, but to empower individuals to develop connections, access appropriate supports and become more actively involved in decisions and activities that contribute to their health and wellbeing.Social Prescribing Link Workers come from a range of professional backgrounds, including community development, counselling, community education, social care and social work. They bring a valuable combination of professional experience, local knowledge, interpersonal skills and personal qualities to the role. Key attributes include strong communication and active listening skills, empathy, emotional resilience, an understanding of professional boundaries and confidentiality, and the ability to work in a person centred, strengths based and non judgemental way with people from a wide range of backgrounds and circumstances.The Link Worker does not replace clinical, therapeutic or specialist services. Instead, Social Prescribing complements these services by addressing the wider social factors that influence health and wellbeing and by strengthening connections between individuals, services and their communities.

What background do Social Prescribing Link Workers have?There is no single professional route into Social Prescribing. Social Prescribing Link Workers come from a diverse range of professional and educational backgrounds, reflecting the broad range of knowledge, experience and interpersonal skills required for the role.Professional backgrounds may include community work and community development, social sciences such as sociology, psychology, counselling and coaching, social care, occupational therapy, nursing, art therapy, health promotion, education and other related disciplines.While relevant qualifications and professional experience are important, Social Prescribing is fundamentally a person centred and relationship based approach. The ability to listen, build trust, understand what matters to an individual and work alongside them to identify their strengths and goals is central to the Link Worker role.What qualifications are required?Qualification requirements can vary depending on the organisation employing the Social Prescribing Link Worker and the particular service.The HSE Social Prescribing Framework provides guidance on the qualifications, experience, knowledge and competencies associated with the role and includes a sample Social Prescribing Link Worker job specification.The Framework identifies qualifications in social, community, health or related disciplines as relevant to the role. Anyone considering applying for a Social Prescribing Link Worker position should consult the requirements of the individual vacancy, as qualification and experience requirements may vary between employers and services.The HSE Social Prescribing Framework is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the role and responsibilities of a Social Prescribing Link Worker in greater detail.Download the HSE Social Prescribing FrameworkIs there specific training in Social Prescribing?Yes. In addition to entering Social Prescribing from a range of professional backgrounds, specific education and training in Social Prescribing is available in Ireland.Atlantic Technological University (ATU) Sligo offers a Certificate in Social Prescribing, designed to provide evidence informed knowledge and skills in Social Prescribing.The programme is a Level 6 Special Purpose Award worth 20 credits and is delivered online and part time over one year.The Certificate consists of four modules:Social Prescribing 1: Introduction to Theory, Policy & PracticeSocial Prescribing 2: Community Resources & Creative CommunicationSocial Prescribing 3: Social Inclusion & Effective CommunicationSocial Prescribing 4: Evidence Informed Practice The programme aims to develop the knowledge and practical skills required to communicate effectively with participants and stakeholders, identify community expertise and resources, coordinate and facilitate activities, and contribute to the evaluation of initiatives supporting health and wellbeing.ATU identifies the programme as particularly relevant to people working in areas including health, social care, wellbeing, disability services, primary care, services for children and older people, health promotion, allied health professions, community development and community arts.The ATU Certificate provides a valuable opportunity for people already working in Social Prescribing, those working in related fields and those wishing to develop their knowledge of Social Prescribing.It is important to note that completion of the ATU Certificate is not a universal requirement for employment as a Social Prescribing Link Worker. Applicants should always check the qualifications and experience specified by the individual employer.Find out more about the Certificate in Social Prescribing at ATU SligoWho employs Social Prescribing Link Workers?Social Prescribing Link Workers can be employed by a range of organisations, reflecting the different ways Social Prescribing services are funded and delivered across the island of Ireland.In the Republic of Ireland, many Social Prescribing services are funded by the Health Service Executive (HSE) and delivered in partnership with community and voluntary organisations. This means that a Link Worker working within an HSE funded Social Prescribing service may be employed by the organisation delivering the service rather than directly by the HSE.Social Prescribing Link Workers may therefore be employed within community and voluntary organisations, local development organisations, health and wellbeing services and other organisations delivering Social Prescribing locally.Other Social Prescribing models may operate within healthcare, education or other settings.In Northern Ireland, Social Prescribing is delivered through a range of models and organisations, and funding and employment arrangements can vary between services.As Social Prescribing continues to develop, job titles, employment arrangements and funding structures may differ between organisations and geographical areas.What qualities make a good Social Prescribing Link Worker?Qualifications and professional experience are important, but effective Social Prescribing also depends on the personal qualities and interpersonal skills of the Link Worker.A Social Prescribing Link Worker needs to be able to develop a trusting relationship with an individual and create the time and space for them to explore what matters to them.Important qualities and competencies include:excellent communication and active listening skillsempathy, compassion and a non judgemental approachan ability to build trusting and respectful relationshipsa strong commitment to person centred and strengths based practicecultural awareness, sensitivity and inclusivenessemotional resilience and self awarenessan understanding of confidentiality and appropriate professional boundariesstrong organisational and time management skillsan ability to manage a varied caseload and prioritise effectivelyan ability to work independently and use sound judgementan ability to work collaboratively with other professionals, services and organisationsproblem solving skills, flexibility and adaptabilityan ability to develop strong knowledge of local community resources, services and opportunitiesstrong networking and relationship building skills across the health, community, voluntary and statutory sectorsan understanding of safeguarding and appropriate referral pathwaysa commitment to supporting individuals to build confidence, independence and greater control over their own health and wellbeing A Social Prescribing Link Worker does not need to have all the answers. An important part of the role is knowing how to listen to what matters to the individual, work collaboratively with them and identify the people, services, groups and opportunities that can support them.The Link Worker's role is not to make decisions for the individual, but to support and empower them to identify their own goals, recognise their strengths, explore opportunities and take an active role in improving their health and wellbeing.Continuing professional developmentLearning does not end when someone becomes a Social Prescribing Link Worker. Continuing professional development can help Link Workers strengthen their knowledge and respond effectively to the diverse circumstances of the people they support.Depending on the role and service, relevant professional development may include areas such as:motivational interviewing and behaviour changemental health and wellbeingsafeguardingsuicide awareness and appropriate referraltrauma informed practicehealth promotioncommunity developmentcoaching and communication skillscultural awareness and inclusionprofessional boundaries and confidentialitydigital inclusionunderstanding local community resources and servicesmonitoring, evaluation and demonstrating outcomes Training and professional development should support the Link Worker to work safely and effectively within the boundaries of the Social Prescribing role rather than replacing specialist clinical, therapeutic or other professional services.Finding Social Prescribing Link Worker vacanciesSocial Prescribing Link Worker positions may be advertised directly by organisations delivering Social Prescribing services and through community sector and general recruitment websites.Useful websites include:ActiveLink Advertises employment opportunities across Ireland's community, voluntary and nonprofit sectors.Indeed Ireland Social Prescribing vacancies may also be advertised through general recruitment websites.CommunityNI A useful source for community and voluntary sector opportunities in Northern Ireland.Job titles are not always consistent across Social Prescribing services. When looking for opportunities, it can therefore be helpful to search for terms such as Social Prescribing Link Worker, Social Prescriber, Link Worker, Social Prescribing Coordinator and Social Prescribing Project Worker.Anyone considering a career in Social Prescribing should also read the HSE Social Prescribing Framework, particularly the sample Link Worker job specification, to develop a fuller understanding of the responsibilities, experience and competencies associated with the role.

Social Prescribing Link Workers can be based in a range of settings, depending on how the Social Prescribing service is organised and delivered locally. While they often work closely with GPs, primary care teams and other health and social care professionals, Link Workers may be based within community and voluntary organisations, primary care settings, health services or other local services.Regardless of their physical base, an important part of the Link Worker role is maintaining a strong connection with the community. Link Workers develop knowledge of local groups, services, activities and opportunities and build relationships across the community, voluntary and statutory sectors.Link Workers may meet individuals in a variety of settings, depending on the service model and the needs of the individual. This can include community venues, healthcare settings, the Link Worker's own service location or other appropriate and accessible locations. Some services may also offer telephone or online appointments.The location of the Link Worker is therefore less important than their ability to provide an accessible, person centred service that connects health and social care with the resources, relationships and opportunities available within the wider community.

Referrals to a Social Prescribing Link Worker can come from a wide range of sources, reflecting the collaborative and community based nature of Social.Prescribing. Referral pathways may include:GPs and other primary care professionalsnurses and other health and social care professionalsmental health servicessocial workers and social care serviceshospitals and other healthcare servicescommunity and voluntary organisationsstatutory agencies and support servicesself referralreferral by a family member, where appropriate and with the individual's knowledge and consent Most Social Prescribing services accept self referrals, enabling individuals to contact the service directly without requiring a referral from a healthcare professional or other organisation. Family members may also support an individual to access Social Prescribing, particularly where the person may need encouragement or assistance to make initial contact.Regardless of how an individual is referred, the referral is the starting point rather than the Social Prescribing intervention itself. Following referral, the Social Prescribing Link Worker engages directly with the individual to explore what matters to them, identify their strengths, needs and goals, and agree appropriate next steps.This distinction is important. A referral connects an individual with the Social Prescribing service, while Social Prescribing is the person centred, supported process that takes place between the individual and the Link Worker.

There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that Social Prescribing can make a meaningful difference to people's health, wellbeing and quality of life. Evidence from Ireland and internationally shows that, when people receive appropriate person centred support and are connected with community based services, activities and opportunities, benefits can extend across many areas of their lives.Importantly, the impact of Social Prescribing is not limited to physical or mental health. It can also strengthen social connections, increase participation in community life, build confidence and independence, improve access to practical supports and help people develop the skills and knowledge to manage their own health and wellbeing.Evidence from Social Prescribing services in IrelandA major recent contribution to the evidence base is the 2025 Realist Evaluation of HSE Funded Social Prescribing Services in Ireland, undertaken by the Health Promotion Research Centre at the University of Galway in partnership with HSE Health & Wellbeing.The evaluation identified a wide range of outcomes associated with Social Prescribing at individual and service levels. It also demonstrated that some benefits may emerge relatively quickly, while others develop over time as individuals build confidence, relationships, skills and greater independence.Short term outcomes identified included:improved social connections and community engagementincreased sense of purpose and motivation to participateincreased engagement in physical, social and lifestyle activitiesimproved confidence, motivation and health literacyexpanded daily routines through community activitiesdiscovery of new social activities and the development of friendshipsimproved access to practical supports, including applications, technology assistance, financial guidance and educational opportunitiesincreased awareness of local supports and resourcesbetter navigation of health and social systems The evaluation also identified important longer term outcomes, including:reduced loneliness and a strengthened sense of community belongingimproved quality of life and wellbeingimproved physical health, including greater activity levels and improved management of chronic diseaseimproved mental health, including reduced anxiety, stress and depressionstrengthened individual resilience, self management skills, empowerment and health related decision makingrestored structure and purpose, particularly following disruption caused by retirement, bereavement, illness or unemploymentstronger community cohesion, increased social capital and peer support networksincreased resilience, reduced barriers to participation and greater equity in accessing supportsimproved ability to navigate health and social systemsreduced inappropriate use of healthcare services and a more sustainable shift towards health promotion and community based supports These findings illustrate an important feature of Social Prescribing: the benefits can build over time. An initial outcome may be as simple as someone becoming aware of what is available locally, attending an activity, developing a new routine or making a social connection. Over time, these changes can contribute to greater confidence, stronger relationships, improved wellbeing, increased independence and a greater sense of belonging within the community. How does Social Prescribing create these outcomes?The Irish evaluation also helps us understand that positive outcomes do not arise simply because someone has been given information about a community service or activity. The Social Prescribing process itself matters. Key elements identified include non clinical support, a holistic assessment of need, a person centred approach, collaborative goal setting, the development of a wellbeing plan, signposting, peer and individual supports, and the relationship between the Social Prescribing Link Worker and the individual.This reinforces the distinction between signposting and Social Prescribing. Simply directing someone to a service or activity is signposting. Social Prescribing involves a supported, person centred process in which the Link Worker works with the individual to identify what matters to them, agree goals, explore appropriate opportunities and support meaningful engagement.The evidence also shows that outcomes are influenced by the wider environment in which Social Prescribing operates. Factors such as the individual's readiness to engage, trusting relationships, appropriate referrals, the availability of local community resources, awareness of Social Prescribing among health professionals, waiting lists and the capacity of community organisations can all influence how successfully Social Prescribing works.A growing evidence baseEarlier Irish and international evaluations have also reported positive outcomes associated with Social Prescribing, including improvements in health and wellbeing, increased engagement with community supports, reduced loneliness and social isolation, and greater confidence among participants.International evidence has additionally explored the potential impact of Social Prescribing on healthcare use. A review by Polley and Pilkington (2017), for example, reported reductions in GP appointments, A&E attendance and hospital referrals across the studies it examined. However, findings relating to healthcare utilisation should be interpreted in the context of differences between Social Prescribing models, populations and evaluation methods.The evidence base continues to develop, particularly in relation to longer term outcomes and the circumstances in which Social Prescribing is most effective. However, the emerging evidence demonstrates that Social Prescribing can contribute to improved health and wellbeing by addressing the wider social factors that influence people's lives and by strengthening connections between individuals, services and their communities.Source: McKenna, V., Dashdondog, S., O'Callaghan, A., Howell, K., & Barry, M. M. (2025). A Realist Evaluation of HSE Funded Social Prescribing Services in Ireland. Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, in partnership with Health Service Executive, Health & Wellbeing. Social_Prescribing_Realist_Evaluation_Full_Research_Report.pdf

Research and evaluation are essential to the continued development of Social Prescribing. They help us understand whether Social Prescribing is making a difference, how and why it works, who benefits, and the circumstances in which it is most effective. Social Prescribing is a complex, person centred approach. Its impact cannot always be captured through a single measure or outcome. An individual may experience changes in their wellbeing, confidence, social connections, physical activity, ability to manage their health, participation in community life or use of health and other services. Research helps us understand these different outcomes while also identifying the elements of Social Prescribing that contribute to positive change.Building the evidence base in Ireland Ireland has made important progress in developing the evidence base for Social Prescribing.The HSE's Building the Capacity for the Evaluation of Social Prescribing: An Evaluability Assessment established an important foundation for the evaluation of Social Prescribing in Ireland. It concluded that Social Prescribing could be evaluated and that outcome data collection could be embedded within service delivery. It also identified the steps required to strengthen evaluation and support the future development of a national evidence base. This work was followed by further Irish research examining how Social Prescribing services evaluate their work.In 2024, research examining evaluation practices across Social Prescribing services on the island of Ireland found strong agreement among those delivering and managing services about the importance of evaluation. However, it also identified considerable variation in what services measure and how outcomes are measured.More recently, the 2025 Realist Evaluation of HSE Funded Social Prescribing Services in Ireland, undertaken by the Health Promotion Research Centre at the University of Galway in partnership with HSE Health & Wellbeing, represents a significant development in the Irish evidence base.Rather than asking only whether Social Prescribing works, a realist evaluation seeks to understand what works, for whom, in what circumstances and why. This is particularly valuable for Social Prescribing because services operate within different communities and individuals come to Social Prescribing with different circumstances, strengths, needs and goals.Understanding the difference Social Prescribing makesResearch enables us to examine the outcomes experienced by people engaging with Social Prescribing.These can include changes in:health and wellbeingloneliness and social connectednessconfidence and self efficacymental and emotional wellbeingphysical activitycommunity participationknowledge of and access to community supportsself management and health related decision makingindependence and resiliencequality of lifeuse of health and other servicesUnderstanding these outcomes helps demonstrate the difference Social Prescribing can make while also identifying areas where services can be strengthened.Understanding how and why Social Prescribing worksMeasuring outcomes alone does not tell us the whole story. Research can help us understand how Social Prescribing produces change. This includes examining the importance of the relationship between the individual and the Social Prescribing Link Worker, person centred conversations, collaborative goal setting, addressing barriers to participation and connecting individuals with appropriate community supports and opportunities.It can also help identify the wider conditions that influence outcomes, including the availability of community resources, referral pathways, relationships between services and the capacity of community and voluntary organisations.Improving servicesResearch and evaluation provide opportunities for Social Prescribing services to learn from experience.By understanding what works well, where challenges arise and what individuals value about the service, Social Prescribing services can continually improve how support is provided.Research can also identify differences between communities and population groups, helping services respond more effectively to local circumstances and reduce barriers to participation.Supporting consistent and meaningful evaluationResearch on evaluation practices across the island of Ireland has identified considerable variation in the outcomes Social Prescribing services measure and the tools they use.While some consistency is important so that evidence can be understood and compared across services, Social Prescribing is highly individualised. Evaluation therefore also needs to be flexible enough to recognise what matters to the individual.Research can help develop approaches that balance consistent national evidence with meaningful, person centred evaluation. A strong evidence base helps policymakers, funders, health services and community organisations understand the contribution Social Prescribing can make.Research can inform decisions about:service developmentworkforce planninginvestment and fundingreferral pathwaystraining and professional developmentpartnerships between health services and community organisationsmonitoring and evaluationfuture expansion of Social PrescribingRobust evidence is particularly important as Social Prescribing becomes more established within health and community services.Supporting sustainability Evaluation is also important for demonstrating the value and sustainability of Social Prescribing services. However, meaningful evaluation requires resources. Research with Social Prescribing services on the island of Ireland has highlighted challenges including limited time for evaluation, the need for appropriate data systems and the importance of evaluation approaches that do not interfere with the relationship between the individual and the Social Prescribing Link Worker.Investment in Social Prescribing therefore needs to recognise evaluation and research as an important part of service development, with appropriate time, resources and infrastructure to support it.Research must remain person centredSocial Prescribing is based on understanding what matters to the individual, and its evaluation should reflect this principle.Standardised measures can provide valuable information, but they may not capture every meaningful change experienced by an individual.For one person, success may mean reduced loneliness. For another, it may be having the confidence to attend a community group, becoming more physically active, developing a routine, managing their health more effectively or reconnecting with their community.A strong approach to research and evaluation therefore combines appropriate outcome measurement with methods that capture people's individual experiences and the changes that matter to them.Continuing to build the evidence The evidence base for Social Prescribing continues to develop.Earlier research identified limitations in the quality and consistency of evidence available for Social Prescribing. This highlighted the need for more robust research, greater consistency in evaluation and a better understanding of how Social Prescribing produces outcomes.Significant progress has since been made in Ireland, including the HSE Evaluability Assessment, research examining evaluation practices across the island of Ireland and the comprehensive 2025 realist evaluation of HSE funded Social Prescribing services.Continued research will be important to build on this work, examine longer term outcomes, strengthen evaluation approaches and understand how Social Prescribing can be delivered effectively and equitably across different communities.Ultimately, research is not simply about demonstrating that Social Prescribing works. It is about understanding what works, for whom, in what circumstances and why, and using that knowledge to continually improve Social Prescribing for the people and communities it serves.Health Service Executive. Building the Capacity for the Evaluation of Social Prescribing: An Evaluability Assessment. Building Capacity for the Evaluation of Social Prescribing Evaluability AssessmentExploration of Evaluation Practices in Social Prescribing Services in Ireland: A Cross Sectional Observational Study.  - Connolly, H., Delimata, N., Galway, K., Kiely, B., Lawler, M., Mulholland, J., O’Grady, M., & Connolly, D. (2024).  Exploration of Evaluation Practices in Social Prescribing Services in Ireland: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study - PMCA Realist Evaluation of HSE funded Social Prescribing Services in Ireland. Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway. - McKenna, V., Dashdondog, S., O’Callaghan, A., Howell, K., & Barry, M. M. (2025). A Realist Evaluation of HSE-funded Social Prescribing Services in Ireland. - University of Galway

The COVID 19 pandemic highlighted the importance of Social Prescribing and the role of Social Prescribing Link Workers in supporting people during periods of significant social disruption. Restrictions on social contact, disruption to everyday routines and reduced access to community activities and services contributed to increased loneliness, isolation, anxiety and practical difficulties for many people.Social Prescribing services adapted rapidly to respond to these changing needs. Link Workers continued to provide person centred support while finding new ways of helping individuals remain connected to their communities and access appropriate practical and emotional supports.Responses included:telephone and online support for individuals who could no longer meet their Link Worker in persononline wellbeing activities, exercise programmes and social opportunitiessupport to develop digital skills and use online platforms to maintain social connectionspractical wellbeing information and resources relating to routine, sleep, physical activity and managing stressconnection with local COVID 19 response services and practical supports, including assistance with groceries and medicationcontinued emotional support and regular contact for individuals experiencing loneliness, isolation or anxiety However, Social Prescribing services were able to adapt during the pandemic and continued to support people to maintain and improve their health and wellbeing.This experience is supported by wider research. A 2022 qualitative study of a Social Prescribing service in North East England found that services adapted rapidly to remote delivery during the first wave of the pandemic. Telephone based support enabled Link Workers to maintain contact with vulnerable individuals and, for some people, improved access to support where attending appointments in GP practices had previously been difficult.Research examining Social Prescribing in urban and rural Scotland similarly found that addressing loneliness and social isolation remained a pivotal part of the Social Prescribing role throughout the pandemic. Link Workers and Social Prescribing coordinators adapted their approaches to include telephone and digital support, advocacy and health education as community and statutory services faced significant disruption.Research involving Link Workers supporting older people also highlighted the challenges created by the closure or restriction of community, cultural and social activities. This demonstrated the importance not only of the Link Worker relationship itself, but also of having strong, resilient community resources to which individuals can be connected.The experience of COVID 19 therefore demonstrated an important strength of the Social Prescribing model: the relationship between the individual and the Link Worker can provide continuity, connection and practical support even when the wider environment in which Social Prescribing operates changes significantly.At the same time, the research highlighted the importance of supporting Link Workers themselves, maintaining clear professional boundaries and ensuring that community and voluntary organisations have the capacity and resources needed to respond to increased demand.ReferencesMorris, S. L., Gibson, K., Wildman, J. M., Griffith, B., Moffatt, S., & Pollard, T. M. (2022). Social prescribing during the COVID 19 pandemic: a qualitative study of service providers' and clients' experiences. BMC Health Services Research Read the full study Fixsen, A., Barrett, S., & Shimonovich, M. (2021). Weathering the storm: A qualitative study of social prescribing in urban and rural Scotland during the COVID 19 pandemic. SAGE Open Medicine, Read the full study Mughal, R., Thomson, L. J. M., Daykin, N., & Chatterjee, H. J. (2022). Rapid Evidence Review of Community Engagement and Resources in the UK during the COVID 19 Pandemic: How Can Community Assets Redress Health Inequities? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Read the full open access study through UCL